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  perkembangan senibina zaman Umawi.
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  ASPEK SOSIAL ZAMAN UMAWI
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  perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan zaman Abasiah
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  Kedudukan Khalifah di Baghdad dari tahun 900M hingga Kejatuhan 1258M.
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  ekspedisi ketenteraan pada zaman Umawi.
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  by nabihah liyana 2 years ago

  The Events Of The Year
  43
  (April 15, 663-April 3, 664)
  
  Among these events was Busr b. Abi Artat’s campaign against the Byzantines. Al-Waqidi claimed that Busr spent the winter in their territory until he reached Costantinople. But some experts in historical matters have denied that, saying that Busr never spent the winter in Byzantine territory.
  In this year ‘Amr b. Al-‘As died in Egypt on Yawm al-Fitr (January 6,664). He had been its governor for ‘Umar b. al-Khattab for four years, and for ‘Uthman for four years minus one month.
  In this year Mu’awiyah appointed ‘Abdallah b. ‘Amr b. al-‘As governor of Egypt after the death of his father. Al-Waqidi claimed that he was it’s governor for about two years.
  In Safar on this year (May 15-June 12, 663) Muhammad b. Maslamah died in al-Madinah. Marwan b. al-Hakam led the prayers over him.
  In this year al-Mustawrid b. ‘Ullifah, the Kharijite, was killed, as Hisham b. Muhammad claimed. Others have claimed that he was killed in the previous year.
  
  The killing of al-Mustawrid b. ‘Ullifah
  We have already reported the meeting of the remaining Kharijites who were carried off wounded at the Battle of al-Nahr, those who withdrew to al-Rayy and others. They met with the three persons whom I named previously, one of whom was al-Mustawrid b. ‘Ullifah. We reported how they rendered allegiance to him and gathered for revolt at the beginning of the new moon of Sha’ban 43 (November 8, 663).
  (According to) Hisham- Ja’far b. Hudhayfah al-Ta’i – al-Muhill b. Khalifah: Qabisah b. al-Dammun, who was in charge of the police came to al-Mughirah b. Shu’bah, saying, “Shimr b. Ja’wanah al-Kilabi came and informed me that the Kharijites have gathered at the house of Hayyan b. Zabyan al-Sulami, and have agreed among themselves to rebel against you at the beginning of Sha’ban (November 8, 663).” Al-Mughirah b. Shu’bah then told Qabisah b. al-Dammun, who was an ally of the Thaqif (they claimed that he came from al-Sadif in Hadramawt), “ Take the police to surround the house of Hayyan b. Zabyan, and bring him to me.” They were convinced that he was the commander of those Kahrijites. Qabisah took the police and many other people, and, before Hayyan b. Zabyan realized it, they were at his house at noon. Mu’adh b. Juwayn and about twenty of their companions were with Hayyan at that time. Hayyan’s wife, an umm walad of his, jumped up, and took their swords which she threw under the bedding. Some of the folk sought to defend themselves with their swords, but, when they did not find them, they surrended. Qabisah took them away to al-Mughirah b. Shu’bah who asked them, “What prompted you to want to split the stick of the Muslims?” They replied, “ We didn’t want anything of the sort,” to which he responded, “Yes indeed! I heard that about you, and then your gathering confirmed it for me.” They answered, “ As far as our gathering in that house is concerned, Hayyan b. Zabyan taught us to recite the Quran, so we meet with him in his house in order to recite it to him.” Al-Mughirah ordered, “ Take them to the prison.” They remained there for about a year.
  When their brethren heard about their arrest, they were (more) cautious. Al-Mustawrid b. ‘Ullifah, their leader (sahib), left (al-Kufah) and settled at a house in al-Hirah next to the Qasr al-‘Adasiyyin of the Kalb. He sent to his brethren, who would visit him frequently, and equip themselves. When their frequent visits increased, their leader, al-Mustawrid b. ‘Ullifah al-Taymi, said to them, “Let us leave this place, for I fear that you will be discovered.” Some of them said to each other, “ Let us go to this place,” others said, “ that place.”
  Hajjar b.Abjar looked down upon them from a house in which he and a group of his family were staying. Suddenly they would see two horsemen arrive and enter that house in which that folk were (gathered). Then, before long, two others would come and enter, and shortly afterwards another who would enter. That would concern him. They would also leave close together. So Hajjar said to the lady of the house in which he was staying, while she was nursing a boy of hers, “ Woe unto you! Who are these horsemen whom I see entering this house?” She replied, “By God, I don’t know who they are except that man visit this house frequently and continuously, on foot and on horseback. We have disapproved of that for days, but we don’t know who they are.”
  Hajjar then rode out on his horse, accompanied by one of his young servants (ghulam). He proceeded until he reached the door of their house, where one of their men came to the door, the doorkeeper went in to his master and informed him, and the latter admitted the visitor. But if a man well-known to them came to the doorkeeper, he would enter without asking permission. When Hajjar came to the doorkeeper, the latter did not recognize him, so he asked, “Who are you, may God have mercy on you, and what do you want?” Hajjar replied, “ I want to meet my comrade.” The doorkeeper then asked, “ And what is your name?” He told him, “Hajjar b. Abjar”. He said, “ Stay as you are until I inform them about you, then I will come out to you.” So Hajjar said to him, “ Enter, rightly guided.” At that the man entered, and Hajjar followed him quickly until he reached the door of a large suffah where they were. The doorkeeper had entered their presence meanwhile and said, “ This man asks permission to see you. I refused him, saying, ‘who are you?’ He replied, ‘ I am Hajjar b. Abjar.’ Hajjar then heard them becoming alarmed and exclaiming, “ Hajjar b. Abjar! By God! Hajjar b. Abjar did not come for any good purpose.” When he heard what they said, he wanted to leave, having confirmed his suspicion about what they were doing. But he wouldn’t let himself leave until he saw them for himself. Approaching until he stood between the curtains of the door of the suffah, he said, “Peace be upon you!” He looked, and there before him was a large group of men, weapons in full view, and coats of mail. Hajjar exclaimed, “O God! May He gather them for some good purpose. Who are you, God save you?” Ali b. Abi Shimr b. al-Husayn of the Taym al-Ribab recognized him. This Ali was one of the eight Kharijites who were put to flight at the Battle of al-Nahr. He was a horseman of the Arabs and one of their pious ascetics, and he was among the best of them. Ali said to him, “O Hajjar b. Abjar, if you came looking for information, then you have found it, and if you came for something else, then enter and tell us why you came.” Hajjar replied, “ I don’t need to enter.” And he left.
  
  
  Peristiwa-peristiwa pada tahun ( 15 April 663-3 April 664)
  
  Di antara peristiwa-peristiwa ini ialah kempen Busr b. Abi Artat melawan Byzantine. Al-Waqidi mendakwa Busr menghabiskan musim sejuk di wilayah mereka sehingga dia tiba di Kostantinople. Tetapi sebahagian ahli sejarah menyangkalnya, dan mengatakan bahawa Busr tidak pernah menghabiskan musim sejuk di wilayah Byzantine.
  Pada tahun ini, ‘Amr bin Al-‘As meninggal dunia di Egypt pada hari raya Aidilfitri (6 Januari 664). Dia ( Amr b.Al-‘As ) telah menjadi gabenor kepada ‘Umar B. Al-Khattab selama empat tahun, dan untuk ‘Uthman selama empat tahun kurang satu bulan.
  Pada tahun ini juga, Mu’awiyah melantik ‘Abdallah b. ‘Amr b. al-‘As sebagai gabenor Egypt setelah kematian ayahnya ( ayah ‘Abdallah b. ‘Amr b. al-‘As). Al-Waqidi mendakwa beliau (ayah ‘Abdallah b. ‘Amr b. al-‘As) telah menjadi gabenor Egypt selama dua tahun.
  Pada bulan Safar tahun ini ( 15 Mei-12 Jun 663), Muhammad b. Maslamah meninggal dunia di Madinah. Marwan b. al-Hakam memimpin jemaah solat ke atasnya (mengetuai solat jenazah Muhammad b. Maslamah).
  Pada tahun ini al-Mustawrid b.’Ullifah, seorang Khawarij, telah dibunuh seperti yang didakwa Hisham b. Muhammad. Manakala yang lain-lain mendakwa dia dibunuh pada tahun sebelumnya lagi.
  
  Pembunuhan al-Mustawrid b.’Ullifah
  Kami melaporkan bahawa perjumpaan saki-baki Khawarij yang mana telah mengeluarkan secara paksa mereka yang cedera di Perang al-Nahr, telah menjauhkan diri ke al-Rayy dan lain-lain. Mereka telah berjumpa dengan tiga orang yang telah saya sebutkan namanya sebelum ini, salah satu daripada mereka ialah al-Mustawrid b.’Ullifah. Kami melaporkan bagaimana mereka membalas kesetiaan kepadanya dan berkumpul untuk pemberontakan pada awal bulan Sha’ban (8 November 663).
  Menurut Hisham dari Ja’far b. Hudhayfah al-Ta’i, dari al-Muhill b. Khalifah : Qabisah b.al-Dammun merupakan orang yang bertanggungjawab di atas kedatangan pihak polis kepada al-Mughirah b. Shu’bah, katanya: “ Shimr b. Ja’wanah al-Kilabi datang dan memberitahu aku yang pihak Khawarij telah berkumpul di rumah Hayyan b. Zabyan al-Sulami, dan telah bersetuju sesama mereka untuk menentang kau pada awal bulan Sha’ban ( 8 November 663).” Al-Mughirah b. Shu’bah kemudian memberitahu Qabisah b. al-Dammun, iaitu sekutu Thaqif ( mereka mendakwa yang dia ( Qabisah) datang daripada al-Sadif di Hadramawt), “ Bawa polis untuk mengepung rumah Hayyan b. Zabyan, dan bawa dia kepada aku.” Mereka yakin yang dia (orang yang berkata demikian) merupakan ketua puak Khawarij. Qabisah telah membawa pihak polis dan orang-orang lain, dan sebelum Hayyan b. Zabyan menyedarinya, mereka telah berada di rumah beliau pada waktu tengahari. Mu’adh b. Juwayn dan lebih kurang dua puluh orang teman seperjuangannya ada bersama Hayyan ketika itu. Isteri Hayyan, Umm Walad, melompat ke atas dan mengambil pedang mereka yang dia (isteri Hayyan) baling ke bawah katil. Sebahagian rakyat telah mencari-cari pedang tersebut untuk melindungi diri mereka, tetapi apabila mereka tidak menjumpainya, mereka menyerah kalah. Qabisah membawa mereka pergi kepada al-Mughirah b.Shu’bah yang bertanyakan kepada mereka: “ Apa yang menyebabkan kamu berpecah di kalangan Muslimin?” Mereka menjawab, “ Kami tidak mahukan sesuatu yang berjenis-jenis.”yang mana dia membalas “ Ya sudah tentu!” Saya pernah mendengarnya tentang kamu, dan kemudian perjumpaan kamu dipastikan untuk saya.” Mereka menjawab, “ Selagi mana perjumpaan kami di rumah itu sangat penting, Hayyan b. Zabyan mengajar kami mengaji al-Quran, jadi kami berjumpa beliau di rumah ini untuk memperdengarkan bacaan kami kepadanya.” Al-Mughirah memerintah, “ Bawa mereka ke dalam penjara”. Mereka pun tinggal di penjara itu selama setahun.
  Apabila adik-beradik lelaki mereka mendengar tentang penahanan tersebut, mereka menjadi lebih berhati-hati. Al-Mustwarid b.’Ullifah. ketua mereka, meninggalkan al-Kufah dan menyiapkan di satu rumah di al-Hirah bersebelahan Qasr al-‘Adasiyin Di Kalb. Dia telah menghantar kepada adik-beradik lelakinya yang sering melawatnya dan mereka saling melengkapi (memerlukan). Apabila kekerapan kunjungan mereka semakin bertambah, ketua mereka, al-Mustawrid b.’Ullifah al-Taymi berkata kepada mereka “ Mari kita meninggalkan tempat ini, aku takut kamu semua akan dijumpai.”Sebahagian mereka bercakap sesama sendiri. “ Mari kita pergi ke tempat ini.” Sebahagian lagi berkata. “ tempat itu.”
  Hajjar b. Abjar melihat ke bawah iaitu diatas mereka daripada rumahnya yang didiami oleh nya dan sebahagian ahli keluarganya sendiri. Tiba-tiba mereka melihat dua orang penunggang kuda sampai dan masuk ke rumah itu di tempat orang ramai sedang berkumpul. Tidak lama sebelum itu, dua orang yang lain tiba dan masuk, dan tidak lama selepas itu seorang lagi masuk. Itu membimbangkan dia. Mereka juga meninggalkan apa yang berdekatan bersama-sama. Maka Hajjar berkata kepada puan rumah yang dia diami ini, ketika puan rumah tersebut sedang menjaga seorang kanak-kanak lelakinya, “ Kami dah susahkan engkau! Siapa dia penunggang kuda yang kami lihat memasuki rumah ini?” Dia membalas. “ Demi Allah! Saya tidak tahu siapa mereka kecuali lelaki itu yang melawat rumah ini selalu dan berterusan, berjalan kaki, dan menunggang kuda. Kita tidak bersetuju tentang itu pada ketika ini, tapi kita tidak tahu siapakah mereka.”
  Hajjar kemudian menunggang kudanya keluar, diiringi oleh salah seorang dari orang gajinya (ghulam) yang muda. Dia meneruskan perjalanan sehingga sampai ke pintu rumah mereka, di mana salah seorang daripada lelaki berkenaan datang ke pintu, dan penjaga pintu itu pergi kepada tuannya dan memberitahu mereka, dan ini diakui (sedia maklum) oleh tetamu. Tetap jika lelaki terkenal bagi mereka datang kepada penjaga pintu tersebut, beliau akan masuk tanpa meminta kebenaran terlebih dahulu. Apabila Hajjar pergi kepada penjaga pintu tersebut, kemudiannya dia (penjaga pintu) tidak mengenali nya ( Hajjar), dia dia (penjaga pintu ) pun bertanya: “ Siapakah kamu, semoga Tuhan mengasihi kamu, dan apa yang kamu mahu?” Hajjar membalas, “ Saya mahu berjumpa dengan kawan saya.” Penjaga pintu kemudian bertanya, “ Dan siapakah nama kamu?” Hajjar memberitahu, “ Hajjar b. Abjar” . Dia berkata, “ Duduklah seperti kamu berada sekarang sehingga saya memberitahu mereka tentang kamu, dan kemudian saya akan pergi semula kepada kamu.” Maka Hajjar berkata kepadanya, “ Masuk, berpandu dengan betul.” Dan lelaki tersebut masuk, dan Hajjar mengikutinya dengan cepat sehingga dia sampai ke pintu suffah yang besar. Penjaga pintu telah memasuki pintu tersebut dan berkata, “ Lelaki ini mahu berjumpa tuan. Saya menghalangnya, dan berkata, ‘ Siapakah kamu?’ Dia menjawab, ‘ Saya ialah Hajjar b. Abjar’. Hajjar mendengar mereka menjadi cemas dan berteriak, “ Hajjar b. Abjar! Ya Allah! Hajjar b. Abjar tidak akan datang tanpa tujuan yang baik.” Apabila Hajjar mendengar apa yang mereka katakan , dia hendak tinggalkan tempat yang dia duduk ketika itu untuk memastikan syak wasangka dia terhadap apa yang mereka yang lakukan. Tetapi dia tidak mahu membiarkan dirinya meninggalkan sehingga dia melihat mereka dengan mata kepalanya sendiri. Dia menghampiri sehingga dia berdiri di antara langsir pada pintu suffah, dia berkata, “ Assalamaulaiakum!” Dia melihat, dan disana sebelumnya terdapat sekumpulan besar lelaki, kelihatan senjata dengan jelas dan bersalut bungkusan. Hajjar berteriak, “ Ya Allah! Semoga kau mengumpulkan mereka untuk sesuatu tujuan yang baik. Siapakah kamu, Tuhan selamatkan kamu?” Ali b. Abi Shimr b.al-Husayn dari Taym al-Ribab mengecam dia. Ali ini ialah salah seorang daripada lapan Khawarij yang menyebabkan seseorang lari dari Perang al-Nahr. Dia merupakan penunggang kuda Arab dan satu daripada petapa yang alim(zuhud) dan dia merupakan yang terbaik di kalangan mereka. Ali berkata kepadanya, “ Wahai Hajjar b. Abjar, jikalau kamu datang untuk mencari maklumat, kemudian kamu menjumpainya, dan jika kamu datang untuk tujuan yang lain pula, masuk dan beritahu kami mengapa kamu datang.” Hajjar membalas, “ Saya tidak perlu masuk.” Dan dia pergi.
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  by nadia nadia 2 years ago

  semoga ALLAH memudahkan perjalanan kami dlm menjwb exm esok...
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  by Siti Asiah 2 years ago

  thanx ustz...msukkn nota
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  by sabila hussin 2 years ago

  salam...
  ustaz,terima kasih utk semua nota..
  doakan kejayaan kami semua anak didik ustaz..
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  by suraya irwani 2 years ago

  salam..ustaz..TQ tuk nota..